國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 湖北自考
LESSON 1 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS國(guó)際商務(wù)
1. 國(guó)際貿(mào)易一般指不同國(guó)家的當(dāng)事人進(jìn)行的交易，它涉及到許多因素，因而比國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易要復(fù)雜得多。International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic countries.
2. 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的發(fā)展，很少人和公司能完全獨(dú)立于國(guó)際商務(wù)之外而存在。因此，在此方 面具有一定的知識(shí)是十分必要的，這既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展又有益于個(gè)人的進(jìn)步。
With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.
3. 其他參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易的形式有管理合同、承包生產(chǎn)和“交鑰匙”工程。
Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.
4. 國(guó)際貿(mào)易最初以商品貿(mào)易的形式出現(xiàn)，即在一國(guó)生產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進(jìn)口到另一國(guó)進(jìn)行消 費(fèi)或轉(zhuǎn)售。
International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.
5. 除了國(guó)際貿(mào)易和投資， 國(guó)際許可和特許經(jīng)營(yíng)有時(shí)也是進(jìn)入國(guó)外市場(chǎng)的一種方式。
Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market.
6. 國(guó)際貿(mào)易和國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易在法制體系、貨幣、文化和自然條件與經(jīng)濟(jì)條件方面都有所不同。
International business and domestic business are quite different in legal systems, currency, culture and natural and economic conditions.
7. 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的發(fā)展， 無(wú)形貿(mào)易即使在發(fā)展中國(guó)家的國(guó)際貿(mào)易中所占的比例也逐漸增大。
With the development of economic globalization, invisible trade accounts for an increasing proportion of the world trade even in the developing countries.
8. 國(guó)際投資是國(guó)際商務(wù)的另一個(gè)重要形式， 可分為外國(guó)直接投資和證券投資兩大領(lǐng)域。
International investment is another form of international business and can be classified into two categories, foreign direct investment and portfolio investment.
9. 對(duì)商務(wù)知識(shí)的了解可避免產(chǎn)生國(guó)際貿(mào)易活動(dòng)中的一些問(wèn)題。
Knowledge of business will avoid giving rise to some problems in respect of international business activities.
10. BOT 是“交鑰匙”工程的一種流行的變通形式。
BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
LESSON 2 收入水平與世界市場(chǎng)
INCOME LEVEL AND THE WORLD MARKET
11. 國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值和國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是表明一國(guó)收入的兩個(gè)重要概念。區(qū)別在于前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是生產(chǎn)要素的所屬權(quán)而后者著重于進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的國(guó)家。
GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s income.
The difference between GNP and GDP is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place.
12. 要評(píng)估某一市場(chǎng)的潛力，人們往往要分析其收入水平，因?yàn)樗鼮槟抢锞用竦馁?gòu)買(mǎi)力高低提供了線(xiàn)索。In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents.
13. 世界各國(guó)被世界銀行分為三大領(lǐng)域：高收入國(guó)家，中等收入國(guó)家和低收入國(guó)家。
Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of high-income, middle income and low income.
14. 中國(guó)現(xiàn)在的年人均收入為 1100 美元以上，但幾年前它還是一個(gè)低收入的國(guó)家。
China with an annual per capita income of over $1100 is a middle income country though it was a low income country just a few years ago.
15. 就中國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)，周?chē)€有其他應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的市場(chǎng)，如亞洲四小虎、東盟國(guó)家、俄羅斯等國(guó)，這些 國(guó)家都具有前景看好的市場(chǎng)潛力，能為中國(guó)提供很好的商機(jī)。
As far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia etc. those are countries with very promising market potential and can offer good business opportunities to China.
16. 日本和中國(guó)是重要貿(mào)易伙伴，兩國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)互補(bǔ)，又是一衣帶水的近鄰。中日貿(mào)易關(guān)系對(duì)兩國(guó)都有 重要的意義。
With mutually complementary economy, Japan and China are major trade partners, and the two countries are close neighbors separated by a strip of water. Sino-Japanese business relations are therefore of great importance to both countries.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
LESSON 3 地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化
REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
17. 過(guò)去的幾十年，地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化越來(lái)越重要。
The past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of regional economic integration.
18. 最著名的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)是北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，它是由美國(guó)，加拿大和墨西哥于 1991 年建立的。
The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Area, formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991.
19. 經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟的成員國(guó)不僅要在稅收，政府開(kāi)支，企業(yè)策略等方面保持一致，而且還應(yīng)使用同一的 貨幣。The members of an economic union are required to not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, etc. but also use the same currency.
20. 歐洲委員會(huì)是歐盟的管理機(jī)構(gòu)之一，此機(jī)構(gòu)將提議呈交給部長(zhǎng)理事會(huì)做決定，并監(jiān)督各成員國(guó)根據(jù)所制定的條約履行自己的義務(wù)。
The European Commission is one of the governing organs of the EU. It is the body which puts proposals to the Council of Ministers for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty.
21. APEC 建立于在澳大利亞首都堪培拉召開(kāi)的一次部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議上。當(dāng)時(shí)有 12 位成員國(guó)出席，分別 為澳大利亞，美國(guó)，加拿大，日本，韓國(guó)，新西蘭和東盟六國(guó)。
APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australia capital Canberra attended by 12 members of Australia, the United States, Canada, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and Six ASEAN countries.
22. 為了更好地分享商品，服務(wù)，勞動(dòng)以及其他資源自由流動(dòng)帶來(lái)的好處，各國(guó)簽署了各種協(xié)議，促進(jìn)成員國(guó)間的貿(mào)易自由化。
To better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, countries have signed various agreements to liberalize trade among them.
23. 歐盟各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的成功一體化降低了跨境交易成本，實(shí)現(xiàn)了規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)，歐洲企業(yè)也在更激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中提高了效率 。
The successful integration of European economies eliminated the cost of cross-border transactions, realized better economies of scale and made the European companies more efficient through more intense competition.
24. 除了區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化，各國(guó)還可能建立商品卡特爾控制某種商品的產(chǎn)量和定價(jià)來(lái)為相關(guān)產(chǎn)品尋求更高或更穩(wěn)定的價(jià)格。
Besides regional economic integration, countries may form a commodity cartel to control the production, pricing and sale of particular goods so as to seek higher and more stable prices for the relevant goods.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
LESSON 4 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
25. 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供了新的動(dòng)力和機(jī)會(huì)，同時(shí)也使各經(jīng)濟(jì)體更加相互依賴(lài)，相互影響。Economic globalization is giving new impetus and opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive.
26. 跨國(guó)公司是在一個(gè)以上的國(guó)家擁有、控制和經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)的商業(yè)組織。
A multinational enterprise is a business organization that owns, controls and manages assets in more than one country.
27. 許多人歡呼經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化帶來(lái)的好處、但同時(shí)也有強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì)聲音。
While many people are acclaiming the benefits brought about by economic globalization, there are also loud voices of opposition.
28. 跨國(guó)公司的內(nèi)部交換占整個(gè)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的一個(gè)很大的比例 。
The transfer of the intra-MNE transactions constitutes a very significant proportion of total international trade.
29. 盡管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨國(guó)企業(yè)的子公司, 但重要決策，如有關(guān)公司目標(biāo)和新投資等 都由母公司來(lái)決定。
Although the day-to-day running of corporate operations may be decentralized to the affiliate MNCs, the major decisions, such as those on corporate goals and new investments are made by the parent company.
30. 無(wú)論人們是否喜歡， 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化已成為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的一個(gè)客觀趨勢(shì)。
Like it or not, economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development.
31. 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化不僅涉及經(jīng)濟(jì)， 而且對(duì)政治、 文化、 價(jià)值觀和生活方式都有重要影響。
Economy is not the only element involved in globalization since it also has an important bearing on politics, culture, value and way of life.
32. 如果一家跨國(guó)公司是原來(lái)的投資公司，它便稱(chēng)為母公司，一般也是這家國(guó)際企業(yè)組織的總部。 If the MNC is the original investing corporation, it is known as the parent MNC, which is normally also the international headquarters of the MNE.
33. 除了總部以外，跨國(guó)企業(yè)組織也可能有不同的地區(qū)總部和業(yè)務(wù)總部。
An MNE may also have various regional and operational headquarters, in addition to international trade.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
34. 一些跨國(guó)企業(yè)有許多年的歷史，它們的收入每年以?xún)晌粩?shù)的速度增長(zhǎng)，扣除通貨膨脹因素比許 多國(guó)家的 GDP 增長(zhǎng)還快。
Some MNEs have a history of many years and their double digit growth rate of revenue adjusted for inflation is higher than that of the GDP of many countries.
35. 在當(dāng)今世界里， 跨國(guó)企業(yè)是一種可以跨越邊界轉(zhuǎn)移資源的非常重要的途徑。
our world today, the In multinational enterprises are very important vehicles for the transfer of resources across national boundaries.
36. 技術(shù)、資本和現(xiàn)成的市場(chǎng)是跨國(guó)企業(yè)帶給不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的利益。
Technology, capital and ready markets are sort of benefits MNEs bring to less developed host countries.
LESSON 5 國(guó)際貿(mào)易
INTERNATIONAL TRADE (Ⅰ)
37. 在復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)世界中，沒(méi)有一個(gè)國(guó)家可以完全自給自足。
In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self-sufficient.
38. 隨著制造業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展， 出現(xiàn)了另一個(gè)刺激貿(mào)易的因素， 即國(guó)際專(zhuān)門(mén)化。
With the development of manufacture and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization.
39. 按照比較利益學(xué)說(shuō)， 兩個(gè)貿(mào)易伙伴均可從貿(mào)易中得到好處。
According to the theory of comparative advantage, both trade partners can benefit from trade.
40. 比較利益并不是一個(gè)靜止的概念，一個(gè)國(guó)家可以通過(guò)自己的行動(dòng)發(fā)展某種特定的比較利益。 Comparative advantage is not a static concept. A country may develop a particular comparative advantage through its own action.
41. 比較利益理論已成為現(xiàn)代國(guó)際貿(mào)易思想的基石。
idea of comparative advantage has become the The 2 cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade.
42. 絕對(duì)利益學(xué)說(shuō)和比較利益學(xué)說(shuō)是國(guó)際專(zhuān)門(mén)化中的兩種理論。
Absolute advantage and comparative advantage are two theories of international specialization.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
LESSON 6 國(guó)際貿(mào)易
INTERNATIONAL TRADE (Ⅱ)
43. 一件商品的成本會(huì)因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大而減少。
The cost of a product will decrease with the expansion of production scale.
44. 在實(shí)際中，即使完全的專(zhuān)業(yè)化在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有利，也可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)發(fā)生。
In reality, complete specialization may never take place even though it is economically advantageous.
45. 配額或者說(shuō)數(shù)量限制是最常見(jiàn)的關(guān)稅壁壘。
Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers.
46. 有形貿(mào)易指貨物的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易，而無(wú)形貿(mào)易涉及的是國(guó)家間的勞務(wù)交換。
The visible trade is the important and export of goods, and the invisible trade is the exchange of services between countries.
47. 國(guó)家從事的貿(mào)易種類(lèi)是多樣的、復(fù)雜的，往往是有形貿(mào)易和無(wú)形貿(mào)易的混合。
The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.
48. 各國(guó)政府經(jīng)常采取的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施也是貿(mào)易障礙，典型的例子是關(guān)稅和配額。
Protectionist measures which are often taken by governments are also barriers to trade, and typical examples are tariffs and quotas.
49. “自愿”這個(gè)說(shuō)法一般意味著進(jìn)口國(guó)已經(jīng)威脅在自愿合作不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的情況下將實(shí)行更大的限 制。 “voluntary” label generally means that the importing country has threatened to impose even The worse restrictions if voluntary cooperation is not forthcoming.
50. 大保險(xiǎn)公司為國(guó)際貿(mào)易提供保險(xiǎn)服務(wù)，并通過(guò)為其他國(guó)家的外貿(mào)保險(xiǎn)而收取費(fèi)用。
Large insurance companies provide service for international trade and earn fees for insuring other nation’s foreign trade.
51. 許多國(guó)家可能有美麗的風(fēng)景，名勝古跡或只是溫和的充滿(mǎn)陽(yáng)光的氣候，這些國(guó)家吸引著大批旅 游者。Many countries may have beautiful scenery, wonderful attractions, places of historical interest, or merely a mild and sunny climate. These countries attract large numbers of tourists.
52. 勞務(wù)輸出輸入可以是個(gè)人，或是由公司甚至國(guó)家組織。對(duì)一些國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，它正在成為一種重要 的無(wú)形貿(mào)易形式。
Import and export of labor service may be undertaken by individuals, or organized by companies or even by states. And this is becoming an important an important kind of invisible trade for some countries.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
LESSON 7 國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則
INCOTERMS 2000
53. 包裝需按運(yùn)輸?shù)囊筮M(jìn)行，在大多數(shù)情況下，賣(mài)方明確知道把貨物安全地運(yùn)到目的地所需要的包裝。 Packing should be made according to the requirement of transportation. In most cases, the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transporting the goods safely to destination.
54. 在許多情況下，應(yīng)通知買(mǎi)方在賣(mài)方將貨物啟運(yùn)之時(shí)或之前安排驗(yàn)貨。除非合同另有規(guī)定，否則 買(mǎi)方必須支付為其自身利益而安排的驗(yàn)貨費(fèi)用。
In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection of goods at or before the time of shipment. Unless otherwise specified, the buyer is supposed to undertake the charges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake.
55. 進(jìn)口商可以通過(guò)可轉(zhuǎn)讓的運(yùn)輸單據(jù)將貨物在運(yùn)輸途中賣(mài)給新的買(mǎi)方，這類(lèi)可轉(zhuǎn)讓單據(jù)用起來(lái)非 常方便。The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carried by means of negotiable shipping documents which are very convenient for use.
56. 在所有條款中，買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方各自的義務(wù)排列在 10 項(xiàng)標(biāo)題下。
Under all terms, the respective obligations of the buyer and the seller are grouped under 10 headings.
57. 2000 年對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則的修改考慮了無(wú)關(guān)稅區(qū)的發(fā)展，商務(wù)活動(dòng)中電子通訊使用的增 加， 以及運(yùn)輸方式的變化。
2000 revision of Incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free The zones, the increased use of electronic communication, and the changes in transport practices.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
LESSON 8 商業(yè)合同
THE BUSINESS CONTRACT
58. 合同依法實(shí)施，未能履行合同義務(wù)的一方可能受到起訴，并被強(qiáng)制作出賠償。
A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.
59. 口頭業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商指的是面對(duì)面的直接談判或通過(guò)國(guó)際長(zhǎng)途電話(huà)進(jìn)行的商談 。
Oral business negotiations refer to face-to-face discussions or those conducted through international trunk calls.
60. 買(mǎi)方發(fā)出的詢(xún)盤(pán)是為了獲得擬定購(gòu)商品的有關(guān)信息，它對(duì)發(fā)出詢(xún)盤(pán)的人無(wú)約束力。
Enquiries made by the buyer are to get information about the goods to be ordered, and are not binding on the inquirer.
61. 有效期對(duì)于確盤(pán)是必不可少的。在規(guī)定的時(shí)間之前，或在被對(duì)方接受或拒絕之前確盤(pán)一直是有 效的。The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that remains valid until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected.
62. 還盤(pán)是對(duì)發(fā)盤(pán)的拒絕， 一旦做出還盤(pán)，原報(bào)盤(pán)即失效而失去約束力。
counter-offer is a refusal of A the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter-offer is made.
63. 合同是在雙方所達(dá)成的協(xié)議的基礎(chǔ)上制定的， 而協(xié)議又是雙方進(jìn)行商務(wù)談判的結(jié)果。 contract The is based on agreement, which is the result of business negotiations.
64. 答復(fù)詢(xún)盤(pán)時(shí)，出口商可以寄去一個(gè)報(bào)價(jià)單，其中應(yīng)包括詢(xún)盤(pán)中所要求的所有必要的信息。
In response to an enquiry, a quotation may be sent by the exporter which should include all the necessary information required by the enquiry.
65. 收到發(fā)盤(pán)的人可能發(fā)現(xiàn)該盤(pán)的一部分不能接受，并可能提出他自己的建議供進(jìn)一步討論，這就 構(gòu)成了一個(gè)還盤(pán)。
The offeree may find part of the offer unacceptable and may raise for further discussions his own proposals which constitute a counter offer.
66. 不管業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商是以書(shū)面還是口頭進(jìn)行， 一旦發(fā)盤(pán)或還盤(pán)被接受， 便認(rèn)為是達(dá)成了交易。
matter No whether business negotiation is conducted orally or by way of writing, transaction is considered concluded once an offer or a counter-offer is accepted.
67. 合同的構(gòu)成同貿(mào)易協(xié)定或任何其他種類(lèi)的正式協(xié)定類(lèi)似。
The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
LESSON 9 貿(mào)易方式
MODES OF TRADE
68. 對(duì)銷(xiāo)貿(mào)易一般是與有關(guān)國(guó)家的政策目標(biāo)相互聯(lián)系的，如應(yīng)對(duì)外匯短缺和擴(kuò)大出口之類(lèi)的問(wèn)題。 The counter trade is generally associated with policy objectives of relevant countries like dealing with foreign exchange and promotion of exports.
69. 實(shí)質(zhì)上，反向貿(mào)易指的是各種貨物和服務(wù)的直接交換。
Fundamentally, counter trade refers to the direct exchange of assorted kinds of goods and services.
70. 回購(gòu)貿(mào)易和互購(gòu)貿(mào)易之間另一個(gè)重要的區(qū)別在于回購(gòu)貿(mào)易一般比互購(gòu)貿(mào)易要延續(xù)更長(zhǎng)一段時(shí) 間。Another important difference is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than a counter purchase deal.
71. 在正常的市場(chǎng)交易中， 由于使用貨幣及市場(chǎng)手段， 貨物的買(mǎi)與賣(mài)是分別進(jìn)行的。
normal market In transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled, because of the use of money and the market.
72. 盡管有很多好處，反向貿(mào)易可能是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大的事。
Despite all its advantages, counter trade can be very risky business.
補(bǔ)充：在其他貿(mào)易方式中還有加工貿(mào)易、寄售、租賃貿(mào)易、代理等。（無(wú)參考答案）
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
INTERNATIONAL PAYMENT
73. 在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中進(jìn)出口雙方都面臨著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)榭偞嬖趯?duì)方不履約的可能。
In international trade, both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may fail to fulfill the contract.
74. 為處理國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的不同形勢(shì)，各種支付方法便發(fā)展了起來(lái)。
Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade.
75. 許多國(guó)際交易是通過(guò)匯票支付的，匯票是對(duì)銀行或顧客的支付命令。
A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which is an order to a bank or a customer to pay.
76. 即期付款交單要求進(jìn)口商立即付款以取得單據(jù)。
Documents against payment at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.
77. 就出口商而言，即期付款交單比遠(yuǎn)期付款交單有利，付款交單比承兌交單有利。
So far as the exporter’s interest is concerned D\P at sight is more favorable than D\P after sight, and D\P is more favorable than D\A.
78. 信用證的目的是通過(guò)銀行信譽(yù)為國(guó)際支付提供便利。
The objective of an L/C is to facilitate international payment by means of the creditworthiness of the bank.
79. 只有在符合信用證所規(guī)定條款的情況下，才保證向受益人付款。
The letter of credit only assures payment to the beneficiary provided the terms and conditions of the credit are fulfilled.
80. 只要所有單據(jù)都符合信用證的規(guī)定，便認(rèn)為銀行履行了職責(zé)。The banks will be considered as having fulfilled their responsibility so long as all documents comply with the stipulations of the credit.
81. 信 用 證 獨(dú) 特 而 具 有 代 表 性 的 特 征 就 是 對(duì) 買(mǎi) 賣(mài) 雙 方 所 提 供 的 雙 邊 保 證 。 The unique and characteristic feature of the letter of credit is the bilateral security offered to both the seller and the buyer.
82. 受益人如果發(fā)現(xiàn)信用證中有任何與合同不符之處，便要求開(kāi)證人進(jìn)行修改，以便能保證安全及 時(shí)地收到貨款。
The beneficiary will request the opener to make amendments to any discrepancies in the credit so as to ensure safe and timely payment.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
THE LETTER OF CREDIT(Ⅰ)
83. 在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中幾乎不可能使付款和實(shí)際交貨同時(shí)進(jìn)行。
international trade it is almost impossible In to match payment with the physical delivery of the goods.
84. 信用證付款方式對(duì)買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方都提供保障。
The method of payment by the letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer.
85. 現(xiàn)代信用證在 19 世紀(jì)后半葉開(kāi)始采用， 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后得到了實(shí)質(zhì)性的發(fā)展。
Modern credits were introduced in the second half of the 19th century and had substantial development after the First World War.
86. 要么因?yàn)樾庞米C金額過(guò)大，要么因?yàn)閷?duì)開(kāi)證行不完全信任，出口商有時(shí)可能需要保兌的信用證。 Either because the credit amount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank, the exporter may sometimes require a confirmed letter of credit.
87. 信用證的形式、 長(zhǎng)短、 語(yǔ)言和規(guī)定各不相同。
Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language and stipulations.
88. 雖然保兌信用證能夠給受益人提供最大的付款保證，但它卻因保兌而增加了費(fèi)用。
Although a confirmed credit is able to provide the greatest degree of security to the beneficiary, it involves 4 additional cost as a result of the confirmation.
89. 即期信用證給予受益人最好的付款保障，并有助于他加快資金周轉(zhuǎn)。只要受益人向銀行提示匯 票和準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤的單據(jù)， 銀行便立即付款。
sight credit gives the beneficiary better security and helps A him speed up his capital turnover. The bank will make payment provided that the beneficiary presents the draft and impeccable documents to it.
90. 如果信用證上沒(méi)有明確規(guī)定是否可以轉(zhuǎn)讓?zhuān)鶕?jù)信用證的規(guī)定，應(yīng)視為不可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。
If a credit does not specify whether it is transferable, it should be regarded as a non-transferable credit according to the credit stipulations.
91. 循環(huán)信用證規(guī)定，其金額用過(guò)后，在未對(duì)其進(jìn)行特定修改的情況下，即可重新恢復(fù)到原金額。 Revolving credit stipulates that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.
92. 信用證極大地方便并促進(jìn)了國(guó)際貿(mào)易，然而它并不能給締約雙方提供絕對(duì)的安全。
The letter of credit has greatly facilitated and promoted international trade. However, it cannot provide absolute security for the contracting parties.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
THE LETTER OF CREDIT(Ⅱ)
93. 信用證按其作用、形式和機(jī)制分作不同的種類(lèi)。
Letters of credit are classified into different types according to their function, form, and mechanism.
94. 光票信用證主要用于非貿(mào)易結(jié)算，而在商品貿(mào)易中一般使用跟單信用證付款。
Clean letters of credit are mainly used in non-trade settlement, while documentary credits are generally used in commodity trade.
95. 在即期信用證情況下，提示匯票和正確無(wú)誤的單據(jù)后便立即付款。
In the case of sight credits, payment can be made promptly upon presentation of draft and impeccable shipping documents.
96. 遠(yuǎn)期信用證顯然要使用遠(yuǎn)期匯票。 付款期限可為 30 天、 天甚至可長(zhǎng)達(dá) 180 天。
usance credit 60 A obviously calls for a time draft, and the usance varies from 30, 60, to as long as 180 days.
97. 如果信用證可以由原受益人轉(zhuǎn)讓給另一個(gè)或幾個(gè)人，那么這種信用證即為可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。原受 益人稱(chēng)作第一受益人，接受轉(zhuǎn)讓的人稱(chēng)作第二受益人。
A letter of credit is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficiary to one or more parties. The original beneficiary is called first beneficiary, and the party the credit is transferred to is called the second beneficiary.
補(bǔ)充：對(duì)于一筆具體交易來(lái)說(shuō)，信用證不一定是最理想的付款方式。締約雙方應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況作出最好的選擇。
The letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties should make their best choice according to the specific conditions.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
LESSON 13 世界貿(mào)易中需要的主要單據(jù)
MAJOR DOCUMENTS REQUIRED IN WORLD TRADE
98. 在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中使用正確的單據(jù)很重要，否則進(jìn)口商提貨時(shí)會(huì)遇到困難。
It is very important to use correct documents in international trade; otherwise the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods.
99. 商業(yè)發(fā)票，一般稱(chēng)為“發(fā)票” ，這種單據(jù)對(duì)貨物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量以及單價(jià)和總價(jià)進(jìn)行概括性描述。 The commercial invoice, generally called the invoice makes a general description of the quality, quantity, unit price, and total value of the goods.
100. 貨物在運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中可能發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失，需要辦理貨物保險(xiǎn)。
It is necessary to insure the goods against the possible risks they are exposed to in the course of transportation.
101. 已裝船提單表明貨物已實(shí)際裝上開(kāi)往目的港的承運(yùn)船只。
An on board bill of lading indicates that the goods have been actually loaded on board of the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination.
102. 清潔提單指貨物在表面狀況良好的情況下裝船，這意味著提單上未加任何有關(guān)包裝或貨物外表 不良的批注。
A clean bill of lading refers to one that indicates the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition, which means it is devoid of any qualifying remarks about the packing and the outer appearance of the goods.
103. 同海運(yùn)提單類(lèi)似的有用于航空運(yùn)輸?shù)目者\(yùn)提單和用于鐵路運(yùn)輸?shù)蔫F路提單。
The document similar to the ocean bill of lading is called airway bill for air transportation and railway bill for railway transportation.
104. 提單的簽發(fā)日期絕不能晚于信用證所規(guī)定的時(shí)間。
The date when the bill of lading is issued can by no means be later than that stipulated in the credit.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
LESSON 14 國(guó)際運(yùn)輸
INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION
105. 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，一個(gè)沒(méi)有先進(jìn)的運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的社會(huì)仍然是一個(gè)原始落后的社會(huì)。
There is no doubt that a society without an advanced transportation system remains primitive.
106. 這些方式在運(yùn)作特點(diǎn)和性能方面不同，從而使它們各有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)和劣勢(shì)。五種運(yùn)輸方式分別是： 水路、 鐵路、 公路、 管道及航空。
modes differ in terms of operating characteristics and capabilities, The giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages. The five major modes are water, rail, truck, pipeline and air.
107. 過(guò)去 10 年，公司自己提供運(yùn)輸能力的傾向越來(lái)越大。
The past decade has seen an increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own transportation capability.
108. 作為一個(gè)社會(huì)， 我們現(xiàn)在的生活比完全自給自足時(shí)更富裕， 更消閑。
a society, we enjoy a richer As and more leisurely life than we would be in a totally self-sufficient community.
109. 最近幾年運(yùn)輸功能引人注目的另一個(gè)因素就是越來(lái)越多的使用零庫(kù)存系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)是以公司 保持很少數(shù)量的生產(chǎn)投入的生產(chǎn)方式為基礎(chǔ)的。
Another factor that has thrust transportation into the limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of just-in-time inventory systems, on the basis of a production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs. 5
110. 從正式的意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，貨物運(yùn)輸可定義為商品和產(chǎn)品為經(jīng)濟(jì)目的進(jìn)行的移動(dòng)以及這種移動(dòng)對(duì)商 業(yè)的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步產(chǎn)生的影響。In a formal sense, freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effect of such movement on the development and advancement of business.
111. 所有的運(yùn)輸方式以及其代表性的運(yùn)載工具在整個(gè)運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)中起著重要的作用。
All the modes and their representative carriers play important roles in the overall transportation system.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
LESSON 15 INSURANCE (Ⅰ) 保險(xiǎn)
112. 保險(xiǎn)是一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制。通過(guò)保險(xiǎn)個(gè)人或企業(yè)可以將生活中一些不確定因素轉(zhuǎn)移給其他人。 Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others.
113. 即使是在這種情況下，大多數(shù)公司寧可付已知的費(fèi)用即保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而不愿面對(duì)不確定 的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失。
Even under these circumstances, most of the firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk, rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss.
114. 對(duì)企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)損失的價(jià)值要比個(gè)人高很多。因此保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)也比一棟房子或一輛車(chē)高出許多。
In the case of business enterprises, the values exposed to loss are usually much higher and the premium charged is substantially higher than that for a house or a car.
115. 企業(yè)投保的主要刺激是他們可以騰出資金，進(jìn)行其他項(xiàng)目的投資。
The main stimulus to the enterprise is the release of funds for investment in the production of other items.
116. 因此，貨物保險(xiǎn)是一種目的在于把風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從進(jìn)口商和出口商的肩上轉(zhuǎn)移到專(zhuān)門(mén)承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)人 一方的活動(dòng)。
Therefore, cargo insurance is an activity aiming at moving the burden of risk from the exporters and importers to the underwriters.
117. 轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的人稱(chēng)為投保人，承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的人稱(chēng)為承保人。
Those who transfer risk are called insureds. Those who assume risk are called insurers.
118. 保險(xiǎn)是一種社會(huì)機(jī)制，人們?cè)诖藱C(jī)制下轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，并從所有轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的成員所繳納的基金中提 供損失賠償金。
Insurance is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.
119. 貨物保險(xiǎn)是主要保險(xiǎn)中的一種。這些保險(xiǎn)通常有火險(xiǎn)，海上保險(xiǎn)和意外事故險(xiǎn)。
Cargo insurance is one of the main branches of insurance. These are usually listed as fire, marine, life and accident.
120. 關(guān)于運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)，重要的一點(diǎn)是要認(rèn)識(shí)到“是為商業(yè)服務(wù)的” 。
The important point to realize about transportation insurance is that it is “the handmaiden of commerce”.
121. 他并非想挖空保險(xiǎn)基金，而寧愿讓貨物安全到達(dá)目的地。
He does not want to scoop the pool; he would prefer his cargoes to reach their destination safely.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
LESSON 16 保險(xiǎn)
INSURANCE (Ⅱ)
122. 沒(méi)有可保利益的保險(xiǎn)合同是無(wú)效的。而任何根據(jù)這類(lèi)合同提出的索賠都不會(huì)被受理。
An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained.
123. 盡管錯(cuò)誤的陳述是無(wú)意的，但保險(xiǎn)人還是受到欺騙。從而保險(xiǎn)合同無(wú)效。
Even though the mis-statement is unintentional, the underwriter will still be deceived and the policy voidable.
124. 將受損失人的利益恢復(fù)到損害發(fā)生前的狀況的合同就是保險(xiǎn)合同。
A contract of insurance is one which restores a person who has suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred.
125. 賠償金額一般包括發(fā)票金額加上運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用及保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)再加上一個(gè)商定的百分比，如 10％。
The compensation payable generally includes the invoiced cost plus freight, the insurance premium, and an agreed percentage, say 10%.
126. 如果投保的險(xiǎn)別不是造成損失的直接原因， 保險(xiǎn)公司將不予賠償。
insurance company will not The entertain the claim if the risk covered is not the proximate cause of the loss.
127. 人們對(duì)不“涉及自己利益”的東西投保就被認(rèn)為是“違背公共政策” 。這就意味著鼓勵(lì)犯罪。 The insuring of anything by people who are not “interested” in it is held to be “against public policy”. This means that crime would be encouraged.
128. 在貨物保險(xiǎn)中，如果我們了解使用的銷(xiāo)售條款，就知道在任何特定的時(shí)間誰(shuí)擁有對(duì)貨物的權(quán)益。 In cargo insurance we know who has an interest in the cargo at any particular point of time, if we know the terms of sale which have been arranged.
129. 人們根據(jù)提議形式的書(shū)面聲明，決定某項(xiàng)保險(xiǎn)的保費(fèi)是否合理。
The people who decide what premium is fair for a particular cover do so on the basis of written statements made in a proposal form.
130. 損失費(fèi)用分?jǐn)傇瓌t規(guī)定同樣的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不能投保兩次，不能從兩個(gè)保險(xiǎn)人那里獲得賠償費(fèi)。 Contribution holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers.
131. 保險(xiǎn)公司有權(quán)利用被保人所享有的一切權(quán)利這一有利條件來(lái)減少其不得不承擔(dān)的損失。
The insurer is entitled to the advantage of every right of the assured which will diminish the loss he has been forced to bear.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
LESSON 17 國(guó)際貨幣體系與匯率
THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM
AND EXCHANGE RATE
132. 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)之前，金本位制建立了固定匯率制，每個(gè)國(guó)家通過(guò)將本國(guó)貨幣與黃金掛鉤來(lái)確 定其貨幣的平價(jià)。
Before the First World War, the gold standard created a fixed exchange rate system 6 as each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par value.
133. 1944 年 44 國(guó)在美國(guó)布雷頓森林舉行會(huì)議簽署了協(xié)議，計(jì)劃在世界貿(mào)易和貨幣方面實(shí)現(xiàn)更好的 合作。
In 1944, 44 nations held a conference at Bretton Woods, U.S.A., to plan better cooperation in world trade and currency matter.
134. 彈性匯率制從沒(méi)有真正地“干凈”或自由地浮動(dòng)。因?yàn)橹醒脬y行為了穩(wěn)定匯率采取了各種措施 對(duì)貨幣價(jià)格進(jìn)行干涉。
The flexible exchange rate system has never been clean float or free float, because the central bank takes various measures to intervene in the price of its currency in order to stabilize the exchange rate.
135. 在特定條件下， 提高利率可以吸引國(guó)外短期資金， 提高一國(guó)的外匯匯率。
Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attract short-term international fund, increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency.
136. 外匯匯率有三種形式， 買(mǎi)進(jìn)匯率、 即： 售出匯率和兩者的平均值―中間匯率。
There are three types of foreign exchange price namely: the buying rate, the selling rate and the average of the previous two the medial rate.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
LESSON 18 國(guó)際金融機(jī)構(gòu)
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATONS
137. 這些機(jī)構(gòu)的共同目標(biāo)是通過(guò)把發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的資金輸送到發(fā)展中國(guó)家?guī)椭@些國(guó)家提高生活水平。 The common objective of these institutions is to help raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them from developed countries.
138. 國(guó)際復(fù)興開(kāi)發(fā)銀行的資金有相當(dāng)大一部分來(lái)自它的留存盈余以及償還貸款的不斷流入。
A substantial contribution to the IBRD’s resources comes from its retained earnings and the flow of repayments on its loans.
139. 該銀行的貸款是向處于經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展較高階段的發(fā)展中國(guó)家提供的。
The loans of IBRD are directed toward developing countries at more advanced stages of economic and social growth.
140. 國(guó)際貨幣基金組織旨在向那些在付款方面有困難的基金會(huì)員國(guó)提供中期貸款。
The purpose of IMF is to provide medium term loans to those members with payment difficulties.
141. 為了承擔(dān)這項(xiàng)使命，多邊投資擔(dān)保機(jī)構(gòu)向投資者提供擔(dān)保以防范非商業(yè)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，向發(fā)展中成員 國(guó)政府提供咨詢(xún)， 并為國(guó)際商業(yè)界與東道國(guó)政府就投資問(wèn)題安排對(duì)話(huà)。
undertake this mission, To MIG offers investors guarantees against noncommercial risks, advices developing member governments on policies and sponsors dialogues between the international business community and host governments on investment issues.
LESSON 19 對(duì)外直接投資
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
142. 對(duì)外直接投資是國(guó)際投資的主要方式，一國(guó)居民為進(jìn)行督控和經(jīng)營(yíng)通過(guò)對(duì)外投資獲取另一國(guó)的 資產(chǎn)。Foreign direct investment is the major form of international investment, whereby residents of one country acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.
143. 控制成本是一些企業(yè)進(jìn)行對(duì)外投資的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)之一。而降低生產(chǎn)成本是考慮的一個(gè)重要方面。 Controlling costs is one of the major motivations for some enterprises to engage in FDI. And lowering production costs is an important consideration.
144. 直接在國(guó)外經(jīng)營(yíng)提高一個(gè)公司產(chǎn)品的能見(jiàn)度，使當(dāng)?shù)乜蛻?hù)對(duì)他們所購(gòu)買(mǎi)的商品更加放心。 Operating directly abroad enhances the visibility of a firm’s products, making local customers feel more assured about the things they buy.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
145. 即時(shí)庫(kù)存管理系統(tǒng)的引進(jìn)能最大限度地降低庫(kù)存從而提高經(jīng)營(yíng)效率。The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimize the inventory of the stock so as to increase the efficiency of the operation.
146. 國(guó)外直接投資主要有三種形式：建立新企業(yè)、購(gòu)買(mǎi)現(xiàn)有設(shè)施和建立合資公司。
FDI is mainly practiced in three forms: Building new enterprises, purchasing existing facilities and forming joint ventures.
LESSON 20 國(guó)際證券交易所
THE INTERNATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE
147. 選擇權(quán)是指在特定的時(shí)間內(nèi)按規(guī)定的價(jià)格購(gòu)買(mǎi)或出售一種證券的權(quán)利。
Options are contracts giving the right to buy or sell a security at an agreed price within a particular period of time.
148. 未掛牌證券市場(chǎng)是為了滿(mǎn)足已經(jīng)確立了地位的，但是較小的，而且不太成熟的公司的需求而建 立的。The unlisted securities market is to meet the needs of established, but smaller, less mature companies.
149. 政府滿(mǎn)足公共部門(mén)借貸需求的方法之一就是出售金邊證券。
of the ways the government meets One the public Sector Borrowing Requirement is by selling gilt-edged stocks.
150. 通過(guò)為證券的發(fā)行和交易提供中心市場(chǎng)，股票交易所長(zhǎng)期為政府、工業(yè)以及投資商的需求服務(wù)。 The Stock Exchange has long served the needs of government, industry and investors in providing the central market place for the issuing and trading of securities.
151. 國(guó)際 股票交易所 提供了一種 途徑，使人 們的存款能 夠?yàn)槟切┬?要資金的人 所利用。
The International Stock Exchange provides a channel through which the savings can reach those who need finance.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
LESSON 21 世界貿(mào)易組織與中國(guó)
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND CHINA
152. 關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定體系（現(xiàn)為世界貿(mào)易組織）是通過(guò)一系列的貿(mào)易談判或回合發(fā)展起來(lái)的，它最初有 三個(gè)基本目標(biāo)。
The GATT system (now WTO) was developed through a series of trade negotiations or rounds. It originally had three basic goals. 7
153. 加入世界貿(mào)易組織對(duì)中國(guó)有益，因?yàn)樗鼘⒋龠M(jìn)中國(guó)的改革和發(fā)展，提高商品和服務(wù)的質(zhì)量，降 低商品成本和服務(wù)費(fèi)用， 刺激投資和創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)， 改善法制。
China’s WTO accession will benefit China because it will help advance its reform and development, improve the quality and reduce the cost of goods and services, spur investment and the creation of new jobs, and promote the rule of law.
154. 世界貿(mào)易組織的主要目的是為了促進(jìn)自由貿(mào)易、進(jìn)一步減少貿(mào)易壁壘并建立更有效的貿(mào)易糾紛 解決機(jī)制。The main objectives of WTO are to promote free trade, further reduce trade barriers, and establish more effective trade dispute settlement procedures.
155. WTO 爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制是當(dāng)今國(guó)際水準(zhǔn)上的最為活躍的體系而且對(duì)國(guó)際法的持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重大意 義。The WTO dispute settlement system is the most active one today at the international level and has tremendous importance for the progressive development of international law.
156. 盡管中國(guó)取得了很大的成就，但仍然面臨巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。一部分挑戰(zhàn)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)來(lái)自于農(nóng)業(yè)、銀行業(yè) 和保險(xiǎn)業(yè)， 還有一部分來(lái)自于一些國(guó)家所采取的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施。
Despite all the achievements, China still faces big challenges. Some of the challenges and competition are from the agricultural sector and banking and insurance industries. And some are caused by the protectionist measures in some countries.
LESSON 22 聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易和發(fā)展大會(huì)
THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT
157. 盡管第一次會(huì)議沒(méi)有制定出具體目標(biāo)，聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會(huì)議的總?cè)蝿?wù)是制定、協(xié)商和實(shí)施改 善發(fā)展進(jìn)程的措施。
Although no specific objectives were laid down at the first conference, the general target of UNCTAD is to formulate, negotiate and implement measures to improve the development process.
158. 在沒(méi)有有效協(xié)議的情況下，一旦出口收入下降，應(yīng)立即采用強(qiáng)制的和自動(dòng)的補(bǔ)救措施。
In the absence of effective agreements, compulsory and automatic compensatory measures should be introduced as soon as there is a decline in export earnings.
國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ) 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易專(zhuān)業(yè) 南京財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點(diǎn)辛苦錢(qián),謝謝!有的人要20財(cái)富值呢!
159. 實(shí)際上西方國(guó)家在使低收入國(guó)家繁榮起來(lái)的同時(shí)，其對(duì)這些國(guó)家的出口將增加，因此也能或得 經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
The western nations would, in fact, also have an economic interest when they are bringing prosperity to the low-income countries, since their exports to these countries would thus be stepped up.
160. 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序主要是要求發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家提供更多的現(xiàn)金和貿(mào)易方面的優(yōu)惠。
The new international economic order is mainly a demand for more cash and trade concessions from the developed countries.
161. 貿(mào)易和發(fā)展理事會(huì)是聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會(huì)議的常設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)。
A Trade and Development Board is the permanent organ of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
162. 世界 500 強(qiáng)企業(yè)中有 160 多家企業(yè)總部設(shè)在美國(guó)，這 160 多家企業(yè)中有 24 家是全球前百名企 業(yè)。
More than 160 of the leading 500 enterprises are headquartered in US, 24 of the 160 enterprises are in the top 100 enterprises.
163. GDP 計(jì)算的是在一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體地理區(qū)域內(nèi)所生產(chǎn)的所有實(shí)物產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)價(jià)值。
GDP measures the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographical area of an economy.
164. 國(guó)際商務(wù)的另一種重要形式是由一國(guó)居民向另一國(guó)提供資金，稱(chēng)為國(guó)際投資。
Another important form of international business is supplying capital by residents of one country to another, known as international investment.
165. 每一份保險(xiǎn)合同都需要有可保利益的支持，否則它就是無(wú)效的。
Every contract of insurance requires an insurable interest to support it, or otherwise it is invalid.
166. 還盤(pán)可以針對(duì)發(fā)盤(pán)中的價(jià)格， 付款條件， 裝運(yùn)時(shí)間或其它條款提出。
counter-offer may be made A in relation to the price, terms of payment, time of shipment or other terms and conditions of the offer.
167. 《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則》的目的在于為外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)中使用最普通的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)提供一套國(guó)際解釋 通則。The purpose of Incoterms is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade.
168. 國(guó)際商務(wù)比國(guó)內(nèi)商務(wù)涉及的因素更多，因而更復(fù)雜。
International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.
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169. 期權(quán)是一種合同，這種合同給予在特定時(shí)間內(nèi)以商定價(jià)格買(mǎi)進(jìn)或賣(mài)出某種證券的權(quán)利。
Options are contracts giving the right to buy and sell a security at an agreed price within a particular period of time.
170. 建立跨國(guó)企業(yè)的目的是獲取利潤(rùn)， 利潤(rùn)無(wú)疑是跨國(guó)企業(yè)股東們的基本要求。
MNEs are formed for profit. There is little doubt that the profit goal represents the basic need of the MNEs’ shareholders.
171. 合同是在協(xié)議基礎(chǔ)上制定的， 而協(xié)議是商務(wù)談判的結(jié)果。
contract is based on agreement, which The is the result of business negotiations.
172. 在知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)不力的國(guó)家，最好不要采用國(guó)際許可經(jīng)營(yíng)。
It is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection.
173. 就出口商利益而言，即期付款交單比遠(yuǎn)期付款交單有利，而付款交單比承兌交單有利。
So far as the exporter’s interest is concerned, D/P at sight is more favorable than D/P is more favorable than D/A.
174. 在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中進(jìn)出口雙方都面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)榭偞嬖趯?duì)方不履約的可能。Both the exporter and the importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may not fulfill the contract.
175. 信用證是解決這些問(wèn)題的辦法， 旨在通過(guò)銀行信譽(yù)為國(guó)際支付提供便利。
The letter of credit is an effective means to solve these problems. Its objective is to facilitate international payment by means of the credit-worthiness of the bank.
176. 銀行只關(guān)心代表貨物的單據(jù)，而不是所基于的合同。
The banks are only concerned with the documents representing the goods instead of the underlying contracts.
177. 銀行對(duì)于貨物是否符合合同不承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任。
banks have no legal obligation whether the goods The comply with the contract.
178. 合法運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人所有權(quán)形式有三種：1）公共承運(yùn)人；2） 契約承運(yùn)人；3）自有承運(yùn)人。
Three types of carrier ownership are legal forms of transportation: 1) common carriers, 2) contract carriers, and 3) private carriers.
179. 貨物保險(xiǎn)是主要保險(xiǎn)的一種。這些保險(xiǎn)通常有火線(xiàn)、海上保險(xiǎn)和意外事故險(xiǎn)。
Cargo insurance is one of the main branches of insurance. These are usually listed as fire, marine, life and accident.
180. 關(guān)于運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)，重要的一點(diǎn)是要認(rèn)識(shí)到“是為商業(yè)服務(wù)的” 。
The important point to realize about transportation insurance is that it is “the handmaiden of commerce”.
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