國際商務(wù)英語 05844 湖北自考
LESSON 1 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS國際商務(wù)
1. 國際貿(mào)易一般指不同國家的當(dāng)事人進行的交易，它涉及到許多因素，因而比國內(nèi)貿(mào)易要復(fù)雜得多。International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic countries.
2. 隨著經(jīng)濟一體化進程的發(fā)展，很少人和公司能完全獨立于國際商務(wù)之外而存在。因此，在此方 面具有一定的知識是十分必要的，這既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展又有益于個人的進步。
With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.
3. 其他參與國際貿(mào)易的形式有管理合同、承包生產(chǎn)和“交鑰匙”工程。
Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.
4. 國際貿(mào)易最初以商品貿(mào)易的形式出現(xiàn)，即在一國生產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進口到另一國進行消 費或轉(zhuǎn)售。
International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.
5. 除了國際貿(mào)易和投資， 國際許可和特許經(jīng)營有時也是進入國外市場的一種方式。
Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market.
6. 國際貿(mào)易和國內(nèi)貿(mào)易在法制體系、貨幣、文化和自然條件與經(jīng)濟條件方面都有所不同。
International business and domestic business are quite different in legal systems, currency, culture and natural and economic conditions.
7. 隨著經(jīng)濟全球化的發(fā)展， 無形貿(mào)易即使在發(fā)展中國家的國際貿(mào)易中所占的比例也逐漸增大。
With the development of economic globalization, invisible trade accounts for an increasing proportion of the world trade even in the developing countries.
8. 國際投資是國際商務(wù)的另一個重要形式， 可分為外國直接投資和證券投資兩大領(lǐng)域。
International investment is another form of international business and can be classified into two categories, foreign direct investment and portfolio investment.
9. 對商務(wù)知識的了解可避免產(chǎn)生國際貿(mào)易活動中的一些問題。
Knowledge of business will avoid giving rise to some problems in respect of international business activities.
10. BOT 是“交鑰匙”工程的一種流行的變通形式。
BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
LESSON 2 收入水平與世界市場
INCOME LEVEL AND THE WORLD MARKET
11. 國民生產(chǎn)總值和國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是表明一國收入的兩個重要概念。區(qū)別在于前者強調(diào)的是生產(chǎn)要素的所屬權(quán)而后者著重于進行生產(chǎn)的國家。
GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s income.
The difference between GNP and GDP is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place.
12. 要評估某一市場的潛力，人們往往要分析其收入水平，因為它為那里居民的購買力高低提供了線索。In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents.
13. 世界各國被世界銀行分為三大領(lǐng)域：高收入國家，中等收入國家和低收入國家。
Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of high-income, middle income and low income.
14. 中國現(xiàn)在的年人均收入為 1100 美元以上，但幾年前它還是一個低收入的國家。
China with an annual per capita income of over $1100 is a middle income country though it was a low income country just a few years ago.
15. 就中國來說，周圍還有其他應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的市場，如亞洲四小虎、東盟國家、俄羅斯等國，這些 國家都具有前景看好的市場潛力，能為中國提供很好的商機。
As far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia etc. those are countries with very promising market potential and can offer good business opportunities to China.
16. 日本和中國是重要貿(mào)易伙伴，兩國經(jīng)濟互補，又是一衣帶水的近鄰。中日貿(mào)易關(guān)系對兩國都有 重要的意義。
With mutually complementary economy, Japan and China are major trade partners, and the two countries are close neighbors separated by a strip of water. Sino-Japanese business relations are therefore of great importance to both countries.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
LESSON 3 地區(qū)經(jīng)濟一體化
REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
17. 過去的幾十年，地區(qū)經(jīng)濟一體化越來越重要。
The past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of regional economic integration.
18. 最著名的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)是北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，它是由美國，加拿大和墨西哥于 1991 年建立的。
The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Area, formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991.
19. 經(jīng)濟聯(lián)盟的成員國不僅要在稅收，政府開支，企業(yè)策略等方面保持一致，而且還應(yīng)使用同一的 貨幣。The members of an economic union are required to not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, etc. but also use the same currency.
20. 歐洲委員會是歐盟的管理機構(gòu)之一，此機構(gòu)將提議呈交給部長理事會做決定，并監(jiān)督各成員國根據(jù)所制定的條約履行自己的義務(wù)。
The European Commission is one of the governing organs of the EU. It is the body which puts proposals to the Council of Ministers for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty.
21. APEC 建立于在澳大利亞首都堪培拉召開的一次部長級會議上。當(dāng)時有 12 位成員國出席，分別 為澳大利亞，美國，加拿大，日本，韓國，新西蘭和東盟六國。
APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australia capital Canberra attended by 12 members of Australia, the United States, Canada, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and Six ASEAN countries.
22. 為了更好地分享商品，服務(wù)，勞動以及其他資源自由流動帶來的好處，各國簽署了各種協(xié)議，促進成員國間的貿(mào)易自由化。
To better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, countries have signed various agreements to liberalize trade among them.
23. 歐盟各國經(jīng)濟的成功一體化降低了跨境交易成本，實現(xiàn)了規(guī)模經(jīng)濟，歐洲企業(yè)也在更激烈的競爭中提高了效率 。
The successful integration of European economies eliminated the cost of cross-border transactions, realized better economies of scale and made the European companies more efficient through more intense competition.
24. 除了區(qū)域經(jīng)濟一體化，各國還可能建立商品卡特爾控制某種商品的產(chǎn)量和定價來為相關(guān)產(chǎn)品尋求更高或更穩(wěn)定的價格。
Besides regional economic integration, countries may form a commodity cartel to control the production, pricing and sale of particular goods so as to seek higher and more stable prices for the relevant goods.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
LESSON 4 經(jīng)濟全球化
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
25. 經(jīng)濟全球化為世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)展提供了新的動力和機會，同時也使各經(jīng)濟體更加相互依賴，相互影響。Economic globalization is giving new impetus and opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive.
26. 跨國公司是在一個以上的國家擁有、控制和經(jīng)營資產(chǎn)的商業(yè)組織。
A multinational enterprise is a business organization that owns, controls and manages assets in more than one country.
27. 許多人歡呼經(jīng)濟全球化帶來的好處、但同時也有強烈的反對聲音。
While many people are acclaiming the benefits brought about by economic globalization, there are also loud voices of opposition.
28. 跨國公司的內(nèi)部交換占整個國際貿(mào)易的一個很大的比例 。
The transfer of the intra-MNE transactions constitutes a very significant proportion of total international trade.
29. 盡管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨國企業(yè)的子公司, 但重要決策，如有關(guān)公司目標和新投資等 都由母公司來決定。
Although the day-to-day running of corporate operations may be decentralized to the affiliate MNCs, the major decisions, such as those on corporate goals and new investments are made by the parent company.
30. 無論人們是否喜歡， 經(jīng)濟全球化已成為世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中的一個客觀趨勢。
Like it or not, economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development.
31. 經(jīng)濟全球化不僅涉及經(jīng)濟， 而且對政治、 文化、 價值觀和生活方式都有重要影響。
Economy is not the only element involved in globalization since it also has an important bearing on politics, culture, value and way of life.
32. 如果一家跨國公司是原來的投資公司，它便稱為母公司，一般也是這家國際企業(yè)組織的總部。 If the MNC is the original investing corporation, it is known as the parent MNC, which is normally also the international headquarters of the MNE.
33. 除了總部以外，跨國企業(yè)組織也可能有不同的地區(qū)總部和業(yè)務(wù)總部。
An MNE may also have various regional and operational headquarters, in addition to international trade.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
34. 一些跨國企業(yè)有許多年的歷史，它們的收入每年以兩位數(shù)的速度增長，扣除通貨膨脹因素比許 多國家的 GDP 增長還快。
Some MNEs have a history of many years and their double digit growth rate of revenue adjusted for inflation is higher than that of the GDP of many countries.
35. 在當(dāng)今世界里， 跨國企業(yè)是一種可以跨越邊界轉(zhuǎn)移資源的非常重要的途徑。
our world today, the In multinational enterprises are very important vehicles for the transfer of resources across national boundaries.
36. 技術(shù)、資本和現(xiàn)成的市場是跨國企業(yè)帶給不發(fā)達國家的利益。
Technology, capital and ready markets are sort of benefits MNEs bring to less developed host countries.
LESSON 5 國際貿(mào)易
INTERNATIONAL TRADE (Ⅰ)
37. 在復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟世界中，沒有一個國家可以完全自給自足。
In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self-sufficient.
38. 隨著制造業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展， 出現(xiàn)了另一個刺激貿(mào)易的因素， 即國際專門化。
With the development of manufacture and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization.
39. 按照比較利益學(xué)說， 兩個貿(mào)易伙伴均可從貿(mào)易中得到好處。
According to the theory of comparative advantage, both trade partners can benefit from trade.
40. 比較利益并不是一個靜止的概念，一個國家可以通過自己的行動發(fā)展某種特定的比較利益。 Comparative advantage is not a static concept. A country may develop a particular comparative advantage through its own action.
41. 比較利益理論已成為現(xiàn)代國際貿(mào)易思想的基石。
idea of comparative advantage has become the The 2 cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade.
42. 絕對利益學(xué)說和比較利益學(xué)說是國際專門化中的兩種理論。
Absolute advantage and comparative advantage are two theories of international specialization.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
LESSON 6 國際貿(mào)易
INTERNATIONAL TRADE (Ⅱ)
43. 一件商品的成本會因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴大而減少。
The cost of a product will decrease with the expansion of production scale.
44. 在實際中，即使完全的專業(yè)化在經(jīng)濟上有利，也可能永遠不會發(fā)生。
In reality, complete specialization may never take place even though it is economically advantageous.
45. 配額或者說數(shù)量限制是最常見的關(guān)稅壁壘。
Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers.
46. 有形貿(mào)易指貨物的進出口貿(mào)易，而無形貿(mào)易涉及的是國家間的勞務(wù)交換。
The visible trade is the important and export of goods, and the invisible trade is the exchange of services between countries.
47. 國家從事的貿(mào)易種類是多樣的、復(fù)雜的，往往是有形貿(mào)易和無形貿(mào)易的混合。
The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.
48. 各國政府經(jīng)常采取的貿(mào)易保護主義措施也是貿(mào)易障礙，典型的例子是關(guān)稅和配額。
Protectionist measures which are often taken by governments are also barriers to trade, and typical examples are tariffs and quotas.
49. “自愿”這個說法一般意味著進口國已經(jīng)威脅在自愿合作不能實現(xiàn)的情況下將實行更大的限 制。 “voluntary” label generally means that the importing country has threatened to impose even The worse restrictions if voluntary cooperation is not forthcoming.
50. 大保險公司為國際貿(mào)易提供保險服務(wù)，并通過為其他國家的外貿(mào)保險而收取費用。
Large insurance companies provide service for international trade and earn fees for insuring other nation’s foreign trade.
51. 許多國家可能有美麗的風(fēng)景，名勝古跡或只是溫和的充滿陽光的氣候，這些國家吸引著大批旅 游者。Many countries may have beautiful scenery, wonderful attractions, places of historical interest, or merely a mild and sunny climate. These countries attract large numbers of tourists.
52. 勞務(wù)輸出輸入可以是個人，或是由公司甚至國家組織。對一些國家來說，它正在成為一種重要 的無形貿(mào)易形式。
Import and export of labor service may be undertaken by individuals, or organized by companies or even by states. And this is becoming an important an important kind of invisible trade for some countries.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
LESSON 7 國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則
INCOTERMS 2000
53. 包裝需按運輸?shù)囊筮M行，在大多數(shù)情況下，賣方明確知道把貨物安全地運到目的地所需要的包裝。 Packing should be made according to the requirement of transportation. In most cases, the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transporting the goods safely to destination.
54. 在許多情況下，應(yīng)通知買方在賣方將貨物啟運之時或之前安排驗貨。除非合同另有規(guī)定，否則 買方必須支付為其自身利益而安排的驗貨費用。
In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection of goods at or before the time of shipment. Unless otherwise specified, the buyer is supposed to undertake the charges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake.
55. 進口商可以通過可轉(zhuǎn)讓的運輸單據(jù)將貨物在運輸途中賣給新的買方，這類可轉(zhuǎn)讓單據(jù)用起來非 常方便。The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carried by means of negotiable shipping documents which are very convenient for use.
56. 在所有條款中，買賣雙方各自的義務(wù)排列在 10 項標題下。
Under all terms, the respective obligations of the buyer and the seller are grouped under 10 headings.
57. 2000 年對國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則的修改考慮了無關(guān)稅區(qū)的發(fā)展，商務(wù)活動中電子通訊使用的增 加， 以及運輸方式的變化。
2000 revision of Incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free The zones, the increased use of electronic communication, and the changes in transport practices.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
LESSON 8 商業(yè)合同
THE BUSINESS CONTRACT
58. 合同依法實施，未能履行合同義務(wù)的一方可能受到起訴，并被強制作出賠償。
A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.
59. 口頭業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商指的是面對面的直接談判或通過國際長途電話進行的商談 。
Oral business negotiations refer to face-to-face discussions or those conducted through international trunk calls.
60. 買方發(fā)出的詢盤是為了獲得擬定購商品的有關(guān)信息，它對發(fā)出詢盤的人無約束力。
Enquiries made by the buyer are to get information about the goods to be ordered, and are not binding on the inquirer.
61. 有效期對于確盤是必不可少的。在規(guī)定的時間之前，或在被對方接受或拒絕之前確盤一直是有 效的。The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that remains valid until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected.
62. 還盤是對發(fā)盤的拒絕， 一旦做出還盤，原報盤即失效而失去約束力。
counter-offer is a refusal of A the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter-offer is made.
63. 合同是在雙方所達成的協(xié)議的基礎(chǔ)上制定的， 而協(xié)議又是雙方進行商務(wù)談判的結(jié)果。 contract The is based on agreement, which is the result of business negotiations.
64. 答復(fù)詢盤時，出口商可以寄去一個報價單，其中應(yīng)包括詢盤中所要求的所有必要的信息。
In response to an enquiry, a quotation may be sent by the exporter which should include all the necessary information required by the enquiry.
65. 收到發(fā)盤的人可能發(fā)現(xiàn)該盤的一部分不能接受，并可能提出他自己的建議供進一步討論，這就 構(gòu)成了一個還盤。
The offeree may find part of the offer unacceptable and may raise for further discussions his own proposals which constitute a counter offer.
66. 不管業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商是以書面還是口頭進行， 一旦發(fā)盤或還盤被接受， 便認為是達成了交易。
matter No whether business negotiation is conducted orally or by way of writing, transaction is considered concluded once an offer or a counter-offer is accepted.
67. 合同的構(gòu)成同貿(mào)易協(xié)定或任何其他種類的正式協(xié)定類似。
The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
LESSON 9 貿(mào)易方式
MODES OF TRADE
68. 對銷貿(mào)易一般是與有關(guān)國家的政策目標相互聯(lián)系的，如應(yīng)對外匯短缺和擴大出口之類的問題。 The counter trade is generally associated with policy objectives of relevant countries like dealing with foreign exchange and promotion of exports.
69. 實質(zhì)上，反向貿(mào)易指的是各種貨物和服務(wù)的直接交換。
Fundamentally, counter trade refers to the direct exchange of assorted kinds of goods and services.
70. 回購貿(mào)易和互購貿(mào)易之間另一個重要的區(qū)別在于回購貿(mào)易一般比互購貿(mào)易要延續(xù)更長一段時 間。Another important difference is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than a counter purchase deal.
71. 在正常的市場交易中， 由于使用貨幣及市場手段， 貨物的買與賣是分別進行的。
normal market In transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled, because of the use of money and the market.
72. 盡管有很多好處，反向貿(mào)易可能是風(fēng)險很大的事。
Despite all its advantages, counter trade can be very risky business.
補充：在其他貿(mào)易方式中還有加工貿(mào)易、寄售、租賃貿(mào)易、代理等。（無參考答案）
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
INTERNATIONAL PAYMENT
73. 在國際貿(mào)易中進出口雙方都面臨著風(fēng)險，因為總存在對方不履約的可能。
In international trade, both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may fail to fulfill the contract.
74. 為處理國際貿(mào)易中的不同形勢，各種支付方法便發(fā)展了起來。
Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade.
75. 許多國際交易是通過匯票支付的，匯票是對銀行或顧客的支付命令。
A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which is an order to a bank or a customer to pay.
76. 即期付款交單要求進口商立即付款以取得單據(jù)。
Documents against payment at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.
77. 就出口商而言，即期付款交單比遠期付款交單有利，付款交單比承兌交單有利。
So far as the exporter’s interest is concerned D\P at sight is more favorable than D\P after sight, and D\P is more favorable than D\A.
78. 信用證的目的是通過銀行信譽為國際支付提供便利。
The objective of an L/C is to facilitate international payment by means of the creditworthiness of the bank.
79. 只有在符合信用證所規(guī)定條款的情況下，才保證向受益人付款。
The letter of credit only assures payment to the beneficiary provided the terms and conditions of the credit are fulfilled.
80. 只要所有單據(jù)都符合信用證的規(guī)定，便認為銀行履行了職責(zé)。The banks will be considered as having fulfilled their responsibility so long as all documents comply with the stipulations of the credit.
81. 信 用 證 獨 特 而 具 有 代 表 性 的 特 征 就 是 對 買 賣 雙 方 所 提 供 的 雙 邊 保 證 。 The unique and characteristic feature of the letter of credit is the bilateral security offered to both the seller and the buyer.
82. 受益人如果發(fā)現(xiàn)信用證中有任何與合同不符之處，便要求開證人進行修改，以便能保證安全及 時地收到貨款。
The beneficiary will request the opener to make amendments to any discrepancies in the credit so as to ensure safe and timely payment.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
THE LETTER OF CREDIT(Ⅰ)
83. 在國際貿(mào)易中幾乎不可能使付款和實際交貨同時進行。
international trade it is almost impossible In to match payment with the physical delivery of the goods.
84. 信用證付款方式對買賣雙方都提供保障。
The method of payment by the letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer.
85. 現(xiàn)代信用證在 19 世紀后半葉開始采用， 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后得到了實質(zhì)性的發(fā)展。
Modern credits were introduced in the second half of the 19th century and had substantial development after the First World War.
86. 要么因為信用證金額過大，要么因為對開證行不完全信任，出口商有時可能需要保兌的信用證。 Either because the credit amount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank, the exporter may sometimes require a confirmed letter of credit.
87. 信用證的形式、 長短、 語言和規(guī)定各不相同。
Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language and stipulations.
88. 雖然保兌信用證能夠給受益人提供最大的付款保證，但它卻因保兌而增加了費用。
Although a confirmed credit is able to provide the greatest degree of security to the beneficiary, it involves 4 additional cost as a result of the confirmation.
89. 即期信用證給予受益人最好的付款保障，并有助于他加快資金周轉(zhuǎn)。只要受益人向銀行提示匯 票和準確無誤的單據(jù)， 銀行便立即付款。
sight credit gives the beneficiary better security and helps A him speed up his capital turnover. The bank will make payment provided that the beneficiary presents the draft and impeccable documents to it.
90. 如果信用證上沒有明確規(guī)定是否可以轉(zhuǎn)讓，根據(jù)信用證的規(guī)定，應(yīng)視為不可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。
If a credit does not specify whether it is transferable, it should be regarded as a non-transferable credit according to the credit stipulations.
91. 循環(huán)信用證規(guī)定，其金額用過后，在未對其進行特定修改的情況下，即可重新恢復(fù)到原金額。 Revolving credit stipulates that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.
92. 信用證極大地方便并促進了國際貿(mào)易，然而它并不能給締約雙方提供絕對的安全。
The letter of credit has greatly facilitated and promoted international trade. However, it cannot provide absolute security for the contracting parties.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
THE LETTER OF CREDIT(Ⅱ)
93. 信用證按其作用、形式和機制分作不同的種類。
Letters of credit are classified into different types according to their function, form, and mechanism.
94. 光票信用證主要用于非貿(mào)易結(jié)算，而在商品貿(mào)易中一般使用跟單信用證付款。
Clean letters of credit are mainly used in non-trade settlement, while documentary credits are generally used in commodity trade.
95. 在即期信用證情況下，提示匯票和正確無誤的單據(jù)后便立即付款。
In the case of sight credits, payment can be made promptly upon presentation of draft and impeccable shipping documents.
96. 遠期信用證顯然要使用遠期匯票。 付款期限可為 30 天、 天甚至可長達 180 天。
usance credit 60 A obviously calls for a time draft, and the usance varies from 30, 60, to as long as 180 days.
97. 如果信用證可以由原受益人轉(zhuǎn)讓給另一個或幾個人，那么這種信用證即為可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。原受 益人稱作第一受益人，接受轉(zhuǎn)讓的人稱作第二受益人。
A letter of credit is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficiary to one or more parties. The original beneficiary is called first beneficiary, and the party the credit is transferred to is called the second beneficiary.
補充：對于一筆具體交易來說，信用證不一定是最理想的付款方式。締約雙方應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況作出最好的選擇。
The letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties should make their best choice according to the specific conditions.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
LESSON 13 世界貿(mào)易中需要的主要單據(jù)
MAJOR DOCUMENTS REQUIRED IN WORLD TRADE
98. 在國際貿(mào)易中使用正確的單據(jù)很重要，否則進口商提貨時會遇到困難。
It is very important to use correct documents in international trade; otherwise the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods.
99. 商業(yè)發(fā)票，一般稱為“發(fā)票” ，這種單據(jù)對貨物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量以及單價和總價進行概括性描述。 The commercial invoice, generally called the invoice makes a general description of the quality, quantity, unit price, and total value of the goods.
100. 貨物在運輸過程中可能發(fā)生風(fēng)險損失，需要辦理貨物保險。
It is necessary to insure the goods against the possible risks they are exposed to in the course of transportation.
101. 已裝船提單表明貨物已實際裝上開往目的港的承運船只。
An on board bill of lading indicates that the goods have been actually loaded on board of the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination.
102. 清潔提單指貨物在表面狀況良好的情況下裝船，這意味著提單上未加任何有關(guān)包裝或貨物外表 不良的批注。
A clean bill of lading refers to one that indicates the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition, which means it is devoid of any qualifying remarks about the packing and the outer appearance of the goods.
103. 同海運提單類似的有用于航空運輸?shù)目者\提單和用于鐵路運輸?shù)蔫F路提單。
The document similar to the ocean bill of lading is called airway bill for air transportation and railway bill for railway transportation.
104. 提單的簽發(fā)日期絕不能晚于信用證所規(guī)定的時間。
The date when the bill of lading is issued can by no means be later than that stipulated in the credit.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
LESSON 14 國際運輸
INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION
105. 毫無疑問，一個沒有先進的運輸系統(tǒng)的社會仍然是一個原始落后的社會。
There is no doubt that a society without an advanced transportation system remains primitive.
106. 這些方式在運作特點和性能方面不同，從而使它們各有比較優(yōu)勢和劣勢。五種運輸方式分別是： 水路、 鐵路、 公路、 管道及航空。
modes differ in terms of operating characteristics and capabilities, The giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages. The five major modes are water, rail, truck, pipeline and air.
107. 過去 10 年，公司自己提供運輸能力的傾向越來越大。
The past decade has seen an increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own transportation capability.
108. 作為一個社會， 我們現(xiàn)在的生活比完全自給自足時更富裕， 更消閑。
a society, we enjoy a richer As and more leisurely life than we would be in a totally self-sufficient community.
109. 最近幾年運輸功能引人注目的另一個因素就是越來越多的使用零庫存系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)是以公司 保持很少數(shù)量的生產(chǎn)投入的生產(chǎn)方式為基礎(chǔ)的。
Another factor that has thrust transportation into the limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of just-in-time inventory systems, on the basis of a production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs. 5
110. 從正式的意義上來說，貨物運輸可定義為商品和產(chǎn)品為經(jīng)濟目的進行的移動以及這種移動對商 業(yè)的發(fā)展和進步產(chǎn)生的影響。In a formal sense, freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effect of such movement on the development and advancement of business.
111. 所有的運輸方式以及其代表性的運載工具在整個運輸系統(tǒng)中起著重要的作用。
All the modes and their representative carriers play important roles in the overall transportation system.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
LESSON 15 INSURANCE (Ⅰ) 保險
112. 保險是一種風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移機制。通過保險個人或企業(yè)可以將生活中一些不確定因素轉(zhuǎn)移給其他人。 Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others.
113. 即使是在這種情況下，大多數(shù)公司寧可付已知的費用即保險費來轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險，而不愿面對不確定 的風(fēng)險損失。
Even under these circumstances, most of the firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk, rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss.
114. 對企業(yè)來說損失的價值要比個人高很多。因此保險費也比一棟房子或一輛車高出許多。
In the case of business enterprises, the values exposed to loss are usually much higher and the premium charged is substantially higher than that for a house or a car.
115. 企業(yè)投保的主要刺激是他們可以騰出資金，進行其他項目的投資。
The main stimulus to the enterprise is the release of funds for investment in the production of other items.
116. 因此，貨物保險是一種目的在于把風(fēng)險從進口商和出口商的肩上轉(zhuǎn)移到專門承擔(dān)風(fēng)險的保險人 一方的活動。
Therefore, cargo insurance is an activity aiming at moving the burden of risk from the exporters and importers to the underwriters.
117. 轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險的人稱為投保人，承擔(dān)風(fēng)險的人稱為承保人。
Those who transfer risk are called insureds. Those who assume risk are called insurers.
118. 保險是一種社會機制，人們在此機制下轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險，并從所有轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險的成員所繳納的基金中提 供損失賠償金。
Insurance is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.
119. 貨物保險是主要保險中的一種。這些保險通常有火險，海上保險和意外事故險。
Cargo insurance is one of the main branches of insurance. These are usually listed as fire, marine, life and accident.
120. 關(guān)于運輸保險，重要的一點是要認識到“是為商業(yè)服務(wù)的” 。
The important point to realize about transportation insurance is that it is “the handmaiden of commerce”.
121. 他并非想挖空保險基金，而寧愿讓貨物安全到達目的地。
He does not want to scoop the pool; he would prefer his cargoes to reach their destination safely.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
LESSON 16 保險
INSURANCE (Ⅱ)
122. 沒有可保利益的保險合同是無效的。而任何根據(jù)這類合同提出的索賠都不會被受理。
An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained.
123. 盡管錯誤的陳述是無意的，但保險人還是受到欺騙。從而保險合同無效。
Even though the mis-statement is unintentional, the underwriter will still be deceived and the policy voidable.
124. 將受損失人的利益恢復(fù)到損害發(fā)生前的狀況的合同就是保險合同。
A contract of insurance is one which restores a person who has suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred.
125. 賠償金額一般包括發(fā)票金額加上運輸費用及保險費再加上一個商定的百分比，如 10％。
The compensation payable generally includes the invoiced cost plus freight, the insurance premium, and an agreed percentage, say 10%.
126. 如果投保的險別不是造成損失的直接原因， 保險公司將不予賠償。
insurance company will not The entertain the claim if the risk covered is not the proximate cause of the loss.
127. 人們對不“涉及自己利益”的東西投保就被認為是“違背公共政策” 。這就意味著鼓勵犯罪。 The insuring of anything by people who are not “interested” in it is held to be “against public policy”. This means that crime would be encouraged.
128. 在貨物保險中，如果我們了解使用的銷售條款，就知道在任何特定的時間誰擁有對貨物的權(quán)益。 In cargo insurance we know who has an interest in the cargo at any particular point of time, if we know the terms of sale which have been arranged.
129. 人們根據(jù)提議形式的書面聲明，決定某項保險的保費是否合理。
The people who decide what premium is fair for a particular cover do so on the basis of written statements made in a proposal form.
130. 損失費用分攤原則規(guī)定同樣的風(fēng)險不能投保兩次，不能從兩個保險人那里獲得賠償費。 Contribution holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers.
131. 保險公司有權(quán)利用被保人所享有的一切權(quán)利這一有利條件來減少其不得不承擔(dān)的損失。
The insurer is entitled to the advantage of every right of the assured which will diminish the loss he has been forced to bear.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
LESSON 17 國際貨幣體系與匯率
THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM
AND EXCHANGE RATE
132. 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)之前，金本位制建立了固定匯率制，每個國家通過將本國貨幣與黃金掛鉤來確 定其貨幣的平價。
Before the First World War, the gold standard created a fixed exchange rate system 6 as each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par value.
133. 1944 年 44 國在美國布雷頓森林舉行會議簽署了協(xié)議，計劃在世界貿(mào)易和貨幣方面實現(xiàn)更好的 合作。
In 1944, 44 nations held a conference at Bretton Woods, U.S.A., to plan better cooperation in world trade and currency matter.
134. 彈性匯率制從沒有真正地“干凈”或自由地浮動。因為中央銀行為了穩(wěn)定匯率采取了各種措施 對貨幣價格進行干涉。
The flexible exchange rate system has never been clean float or free float, because the central bank takes various measures to intervene in the price of its currency in order to stabilize the exchange rate.
135. 在特定條件下， 提高利率可以吸引國外短期資金， 提高一國的外匯匯率。
Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attract short-term international fund, increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency.
136. 外匯匯率有三種形式， 買進匯率、 即： 售出匯率和兩者的平均值―中間匯率。
There are three types of foreign exchange price namely: the buying rate, the selling rate and the average of the previous two the medial rate.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
LESSON 18 國際金融機構(gòu)
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATONS
137. 這些機構(gòu)的共同目標是通過把發(fā)達國家的資金輸送到發(fā)展中國家?guī)椭@些國家提高生活水平。 The common objective of these institutions is to help raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them from developed countries.
138. 國際復(fù)興開發(fā)銀行的資金有相當(dāng)大一部分來自它的留存盈余以及償還貸款的不斷流入。
A substantial contribution to the IBRD’s resources comes from its retained earnings and the flow of repayments on its loans.
139. 該銀行的貸款是向處于經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展較高階段的發(fā)展中國家提供的。
The loans of IBRD are directed toward developing countries at more advanced stages of economic and social growth.
140. 國際貨幣基金組織旨在向那些在付款方面有困難的基金會員國提供中期貸款。
The purpose of IMF is to provide medium term loans to those members with payment difficulties.
141. 為了承擔(dān)這項使命，多邊投資擔(dān)保機構(gòu)向投資者提供擔(dān)保以防范非商業(yè)性風(fēng)險，向發(fā)展中成員 國政府提供咨詢， 并為國際商業(yè)界與東道國政府就投資問題安排對話。
undertake this mission, To MIG offers investors guarantees against noncommercial risks, advices developing member governments on policies and sponsors dialogues between the international business community and host governments on investment issues.
LESSON 19 對外直接投資
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
142. 對外直接投資是國際投資的主要方式，一國居民為進行督控和經(jīng)營通過對外投資獲取另一國的 資產(chǎn)。Foreign direct investment is the major form of international investment, whereby residents of one country acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.
143. 控制成本是一些企業(yè)進行對外投資的主要動機之一。而降低生產(chǎn)成本是考慮的一個重要方面。 Controlling costs is one of the major motivations for some enterprises to engage in FDI. And lowering production costs is an important consideration.
144. 直接在國外經(jīng)營提高一個公司產(chǎn)品的能見度，使當(dāng)?shù)乜蛻魧λ麄兯徺I的商品更加放心。 Operating directly abroad enhances the visibility of a firm’s products, making local customers feel more assured about the things they buy.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
145. 即時庫存管理系統(tǒng)的引進能最大限度地降低庫存從而提高經(jīng)營效率。The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimize the inventory of the stock so as to increase the efficiency of the operation.
146. 國外直接投資主要有三種形式：建立新企業(yè)、購買現(xiàn)有設(shè)施和建立合資公司。
FDI is mainly practiced in three forms: Building new enterprises, purchasing existing facilities and forming joint ventures.
LESSON 20 國際證券交易所
THE INTERNATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE
147. 選擇權(quán)是指在特定的時間內(nèi)按規(guī)定的價格購買或出售一種證券的權(quán)利。
Options are contracts giving the right to buy or sell a security at an agreed price within a particular period of time.
148. 未掛牌證券市場是為了滿足已經(jīng)確立了地位的，但是較小的，而且不太成熟的公司的需求而建 立的。The unlisted securities market is to meet the needs of established, but smaller, less mature companies.
149. 政府滿足公共部門借貸需求的方法之一就是出售金邊證券。
of the ways the government meets One the public Sector Borrowing Requirement is by selling gilt-edged stocks.
150. 通過為證券的發(fā)行和交易提供中心市場，股票交易所長期為政府、工業(yè)以及投資商的需求服務(wù)。 The Stock Exchange has long served the needs of government, industry and investors in providing the central market place for the issuing and trading of securities.
151. 國際 股票交易所 提供了一種 途徑，使人 們的存款能 夠為那些需 要資金的人 所利用。
The International Stock Exchange provides a channel through which the savings can reach those who need finance.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
LESSON 21 世界貿(mào)易組織與中國
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND CHINA
152. 關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定體系（現(xiàn)為世界貿(mào)易組織）是通過一系列的貿(mào)易談判或回合發(fā)展起來的，它最初有 三個基本目標。
The GATT system (now WTO) was developed through a series of trade negotiations or rounds. It originally had three basic goals. 7
153. 加入世界貿(mào)易組織對中國有益，因為它將促進中國的改革和發(fā)展，提高商品和服務(wù)的質(zhì)量，降 低商品成本和服務(wù)費用， 刺激投資和創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會， 改善法制。
China’s WTO accession will benefit China because it will help advance its reform and development, improve the quality and reduce the cost of goods and services, spur investment and the creation of new jobs, and promote the rule of law.
154. 世界貿(mào)易組織的主要目的是為了促進自由貿(mào)易、進一步減少貿(mào)易壁壘并建立更有效的貿(mào)易糾紛 解決機制。The main objectives of WTO are to promote free trade, further reduce trade barriers, and establish more effective trade dispute settlement procedures.
155. WTO 爭端解決機制是當(dāng)今國際水準上的最為活躍的體系而且對國際法的持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重大意 義。The WTO dispute settlement system is the most active one today at the international level and has tremendous importance for the progressive development of international law.
156. 盡管中國取得了很大的成就，但仍然面臨巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。一部分挑戰(zhàn)和競爭來自于農(nóng)業(yè)、銀行業(yè) 和保險業(yè)， 還有一部分來自于一些國家所采取的貿(mào)易保護主義措施。
Despite all the achievements, China still faces big challenges. Some of the challenges and competition are from the agricultural sector and banking and insurance industries. And some are caused by the protectionist measures in some countries.
LESSON 22 聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易和發(fā)展大會
THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT
157. 盡管第一次會議沒有制定出具體目標，聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會議的總?cè)蝿?wù)是制定、協(xié)商和實施改 善發(fā)展進程的措施。
Although no specific objectives were laid down at the first conference, the general target of UNCTAD is to formulate, negotiate and implement measures to improve the development process.
158. 在沒有有效協(xié)議的情況下，一旦出口收入下降，應(yīng)立即采用強制的和自動的補救措施。
In the absence of effective agreements, compulsory and automatic compensatory measures should be introduced as soon as there is a decline in export earnings.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
159. 實際上西方國家在使低收入國家繁榮起來的同時，其對這些國家的出口將增加，因此也能或得 經(jīng)濟效益。
The western nations would, in fact, also have an economic interest when they are bringing prosperity to the low-income countries, since their exports to these countries would thus be stepped up.
160. 國際經(jīng)濟新秩序主要是要求發(fā)達國家提供更多的現(xiàn)金和貿(mào)易方面的優(yōu)惠。
The new international economic order is mainly a demand for more cash and trade concessions from the developed countries.
161. 貿(mào)易和發(fā)展理事會是聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會議的常設(shè)機構(gòu)。
A Trade and Development Board is the permanent organ of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
162. 世界 500 強企業(yè)中有 160 多家企業(yè)總部設(shè)在美國，這 160 多家企業(yè)中有 24 家是全球前百名企 業(yè)。
More than 160 of the leading 500 enterprises are headquartered in US, 24 of the 160 enterprises are in the top 100 enterprises.
163. GDP 計算的是在一個經(jīng)濟體地理區(qū)域內(nèi)所生產(chǎn)的所有實物產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)價值。
GDP measures the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographical area of an economy.
164. 國際商務(wù)的另一種重要形式是由一國居民向另一國提供資金，稱為國際投資。
Another important form of international business is supplying capital by residents of one country to another, known as international investment.
165. 每一份保險合同都需要有可保利益的支持，否則它就是無效的。
Every contract of insurance requires an insurable interest to support it, or otherwise it is invalid.
166. 還盤可以針對發(fā)盤中的價格， 付款條件， 裝運時間或其它條款提出。
counter-offer may be made A in relation to the price, terms of payment, time of shipment or other terms and conditions of the offer.
167. 《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則》的目的在于為外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)中使用最普通的貿(mào)易術(shù)語提供一套國際解釋 通則。The purpose of Incoterms is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade.
168. 國際商務(wù)比國內(nèi)商務(wù)涉及的因素更多，因而更復(fù)雜。
International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.
國際商務(wù)英語 05844 江蘇自考 漢譯英 國際經(jīng)濟與貿(mào)易專業(yè) 南京財經(jīng)大學(xué) 整理的比較辛苦,賺點辛苦錢,謝謝!有的人要20財富值呢!
169. 期權(quán)是一種合同，這種合同給予在特定時間內(nèi)以商定價格買進或賣出某種證券的權(quán)利。
Options are contracts giving the right to buy and sell a security at an agreed price within a particular period of time.
170. 建立跨國企業(yè)的目的是獲取利潤， 利潤無疑是跨國企業(yè)股東們的基本要求。
MNEs are formed for profit. There is little doubt that the profit goal represents the basic need of the MNEs’ shareholders.
171. 合同是在協(xié)議基礎(chǔ)上制定的， 而協(xié)議是商務(wù)談判的結(jié)果。
contract is based on agreement, which The is the result of business negotiations.
172. 在知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護不力的國家，最好不要采用國際許可經(jīng)營。
It is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection.
173. 就出口商利益而言，即期付款交單比遠期付款交單有利，而付款交單比承兌交單有利。
So far as the exporter’s interest is concerned, D/P at sight is more favorable than D/P is more favorable than D/A.
174. 在國際貿(mào)易中進出口雙方都面臨風(fēng)險，因為總存在對方不履約的可能。Both the exporter and the importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may not fulfill the contract.
175. 信用證是解決這些問題的辦法， 旨在通過銀行信譽為國際支付提供便利。
The letter of credit is an effective means to solve these problems. Its objective is to facilitate international payment by means of the credit-worthiness of the bank.
176. 銀行只關(guān)心代表貨物的單據(jù)，而不是所基于的合同。
The banks are only concerned with the documents representing the goods instead of the underlying contracts.
177. 銀行對于貨物是否符合合同不承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任。
banks have no legal obligation whether the goods The comply with the contract.
178. 合法運輸承運人所有權(quán)形式有三種：1）公共承運人；2） 契約承運人；3）自有承運人。
Three types of carrier ownership are legal forms of transportation: 1) common carriers, 2) contract carriers, and 3) private carriers.
179. 貨物保險是主要保險的一種。這些保險通常有火線、海上保險和意外事故險。
Cargo insurance is one of the main branches of insurance. These are usually listed as fire, marine, life and accident.
180. 關(guān)于運輸保險，重要的一點是要認識到“是為商業(yè)服務(wù)的” 。
The important point to realize about transportation insurance is that it is “the handmaiden of commerce”.
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